effects of urbanization on the extended family in ghana

Individualization of the family system in Ghana has implications for residential housing access particularly in urban areas. have confronted this demographic explosion, urban management has become all the more Taking districts as our primary spatial unit using 2010 census data, each of the two regions is subdivided into four groups based on the proximity of each district to cities of different sizes. that urbanisation would continue to make the urban poor poorer and the rich richer if pragmatic While it may be used simply for entertainment, more often than not music, usually with dance, is indissociable from its social context in which it is not a discrete entity but forms part of a unified expression. Urbanisation is one of the most significant processes that have affected human However, the picture is highly contrasted between less (76.1%) and more urbanized areas (21.3%). regional and global levels. services at cheaper cost as compared with those that access services within their neighbourhood. We distinguish between the agriculturally dominant north, comprising the regions of Brong Ahafo, Northern, Upper East, and Upper West, which we call the North. These later relationships were interpreted in terms of the importance of family and kinship in Brazil particularly at the upper-class levels and in terms of living arrangements of children before and after marriage. Urbanization has already had a strong effect on Ghanas transformation. Urbanization and its Impact on Ghanas Rural Transformation It would seem that increased urbanization has helped some of the benefits from Ghanas economic transformation trickle down to the most rural of households. The findings illustrate that urbanization is increasing the share of rural households in the nonfarm economy, and contributed to a shift towards more medium-sized farms in the agriculturally important areas of the north. In Ghana, urban livelihoods depend on the transportation system and For the majority of these migrants, migration is part of the struggle against both debilitating poverty and implicit and explicit forms of political oppression. The UN projects that nearly 50% of the Sub-Saharan Africa population will be urban by 2025. Further elaborating on the declining population, the people documented living, As the worlds population continues to migrate and live in urban areas, planners, engineers, and politicians have an important role to ensure that they are livable and sustainable. WebAbstract Individualization of the family system in Ghana has implications for residential housing access particularly in urban areas. The industrial revolution is the best example of this transformation to urban life, people wanted to upgrade their standard of living. The probability for any modern input use or labor hiring increases by 4.1810.3 percent in the communities with easy access to public transportation, while market access seems to be only positively associated with hiring labor and the sign is negative for the use of other inputs. Davis describes the urbanization process as occurring along an S curve, beginning slow, becoming fast, and then slowing down again. The latest Kenya Health and Demographic Survey (2013) demonstrates that 45% of women and 10% of men have reported being violated by an intimate partner. The hard earned financial resources of the However, urbanization has been especially rapid in the past two decades, as shown in Figure 5.1. The chapter further tests the induced innovation hypothesis, which predicts that urbanization and associated increases in population density and market access should lead to more intensive farming practices. 5 0 obj McIntire, John, Daniel Bourzat, and Prabhu Pingali. This development has increased surface runoff, key antecedents been the dramatic demographic shift from rural areas to the cities. Consequently, the livelihoods of the The effects of this are still relevant today. XAsiYvPeI{[nPuraXi:" E9z An alternative approach would be to capture the effect of proximity to cities using a gravity model as done by Binswanger-Mkhize et al. It is an inter-sectoral phenomenon involving all aspects MAJOR TRENDS AFFECTING FAMILIES IN SUB The traditional African family which is known to be agrarian, polygamous and extended has undergone changes where nuclear and asymmetrical types have emerged; family support for the Table 5.2 reports the shares of rural households for each of the three types of households based on the census data. Poverty has fallen in both the North and South of the country, but proportionally more so in the North. Those norms served as a blueprint for life. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. This is no coincidence: no employment opportunities, wealth creation leading to increase in income, municipal Finally, what are the impacts on household livelihoods and welfare outcomes? We now examine changes in the structure of rural employment across the seven district groups. From 1850 to 1900 America completely changed from its agricultural state into a new industry based society. The Effects of Urbanization: The Music of the This leads to a total of seven groups of districts in Ghana, three in the North and four in the South. overconcentration of growth and development in a few cities; weak urban economy; land-use However, in the other district groups that either have small cities or no cities in the North, the share of agriculture-only households increased during this period. WHO Expert Committee on housing to be provided. These trends reflect the secular changes in educational status, employment and occupational mobility not to mention other factors like deaths from HIV/AIDS. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Takoradi which are experiencing rapid urbanisation lack adequate housing to accommodate the Despite internal differences between urban and rural settings and among African regions, the slow economic growth rates and the mismatch between educational outcomes and labour opportunities have compelled smaller family size. Others are headed by grandparents and children. Additionally, areas zoned for greenery open space to give aesthetic beauty to the urban landscape The urbanization of America has changed so many cities and city life. The latter included farm size group, type of household head (youth, gender, level of education), the degree of urbanization of the districts in which the households live (using our district typology), and a set of infrastructural variables such as access to markets, public transportation, or electricity at the rural community level. Planning Department, Environmental Protection Agency, Lands Commission, Surveying and However, it does seem that many households whose members primary occupations lie outside agriculture are still engaged in farming as a secondary or part-time occupation. efforts are not put in place to curtail the situation. Urbanization is affecting this pattern, though. Despite the negative effects of This result is somewhat surprising, since younger farmers might be expected to be more open to new technologies and knowledge than older adults. As ever greater numbers of people moved to a small number of rapidly expanding cities (or, as was often the case, a single main city), the fabric of life in both urban and rural areas changed in massive, often unforeseen ways. In examining these relationships, the authors recognize that there have been distinct spatial patterns of urbanization in Ghana, and urbanization has not affected agriculture equally throughout the country. Herbicide and insecticide use in Ghana has also increased sharply in recent years, from less than 2 percent of all farm households in 1998 to about 55 percent in 2013 (Grabowski and Jayne 2016). policies has brought about changes in the spatial structure of towns and cities in Ghana. Urban Proximity, Agricultural Potential and Rural Non-farm Employment: Evidence from Bangladesh. In the probit analysis, female-headed households have a lower probability of using modern inputs, which is consistent with many other studies (Quisumbing 1995). United It became later known as the Chicago School of Sociology and combined sociological and anthropological theory with ethnographic fieldwork to understand how individuals interact within urban social systems with different structural, cultural and social conditions. Survey Data. Management Organisation (NADMO) for assistance. In the regression, we only include the rural households of which agriculture is the primary occupations for all or some family members, since for most households defined as non-agriculture-only in Section 5.3any agricultural activity appears to be part-time. development control in towns and cities difficult. Institutions such as Town and Country In both the North and South, small farms are less likely to use herbicides or insecticides than medium-sized or large farms (with exceptions for larger-than-20-ha size group in the South, (again possibly due to few observations in the survey). of integrated planning across jurisdictional boundaries; weak rural-urban linkages, limited data Such families tend to be individualistic and couples no longer benefit from the counsel of elders. Note: There are few agriculture-only or nonagriculture-only rural household samples in the surveys for a few district groups. The findings show though that while there has been substantial uptake of fertilizers, herbicides, and mechanization in recent years, there is only limited support that this has been driven by urbanization. It has been observed that the most spectacular change in Ghana over the last few decades has Notes: Agricultural only or agricultural and nonagricultural mixed rural households in GLSS5 are included in the regressions. However, these changes in the distribution of rural households by farm size seem not to have affected the average farm sizes of small, medium, and large farms (Figure 5.5). of Urbanization Census data. Modernization is seen to be changing the face of the family structure. All rights reserved. Behavioral and Material Determinants of Production Relations in Land-abundant Tropical Agriculture. Table 5.4 displays poverty rates for agriculture-only and non-agriculture-only rural households as well as for total rural households in the North and South across different district groups in 2005/6 and 2012/13. Figure 5.4 shows the share of non-agriculture-only rural households that reported having cultivated farmland, which in 2012/13 was about 60 percent in the North but less than 30 percent in the South. When there is In the documentary The ten Town That Changed America Geoffrey Baer illustrates the evolution of ten popular cities of the 21st century America. Urbanization and fertility: An event-history analysis of Coastal Ghana Big city districts are those that contain parts of Accra and Kumasi, and hence are only in the South, 2nd-tier city districts are those with cities of between 100,000 and 500,000 people, which are located in both the North and South, 3rd-tier city districts are those with cities containing between 40,000 and 100,000 people, and non-city districts are those with no settlement of over 40,000 people. There has been a modest but surprising decline in the shares of agriculture/non-agriculture mixed rural households in both North and South (Table 5.2). For example, compared with households in the Souths districts without cities, the predicted probability of using fertilizer increases by 25 percent in the Norths districts with secondary cities, while the marginal effects are smaller in Northern districts with 3rd-tier cities or without cities, at 18.7 percent and 13.9 percent, respectively. The size of the land area held by such households is small, mostly less than 2 hectares. the low income earners. We find that the effect of urbanization itself is strong, evident, and complex, and persists after we control for the effects of age, cohort, union status, and education. A similar analysis using the GLSS data for 2005/6 and 2012/13 gives similar results and is not reported here. Central Business Districts of which many of the urban poor do not live close to those services. The high cost of rent has worsened the livelihoods of urban dwellers as huge proportion of 2015; Deichmann, Shilpi, and Vakis 2008). Mechanization. We examine these relationships in this section. competitive, urban dwellers have access to high order municipal services, job creation and Urbanisation has For example, the predicted probability of using fertilizer is 27.8 percent lower for households with less than 2 ha of land compared to households with 20 ha or more, but the probability is only 14.0 percent and 8.4 percent lower for those with land of 25 ha and 520 ha, respectively. Industrial value added is also linked to urbanization. Yet, there have been few studies on changes involved in these processes, and almost no research on changes in families. Since 1984, annual GDP has grown rapidly, averaging 5.7 percent. cities. Ghana has always been relatively urbanized compared to other African countries. Resilient and competitive urban areas depend on rapid, reliable and efficient transportation The main observation concerns the shift to a service economy of urbanized Africa: the most urbanized areas employ 52.6% of workers in services, the less urbanized areas 17.8%. WebIn Ghana, unplanned and spontaneous urbanization has trapped many in slum dwellings with its attendant poverty, insecurity, and poor housing and general environmental conditions. WebAs discussed in earlier chapters, urbanization in Ghana has not been driven by an agricultural revolution and the development of a labor-intensive manufacturing sector but by rapid This shift stems in part from the break-down of collective, kinship-oriented systems of production and reproduction. Despite this exit, the share of rural agriculture-only households remains high in district groups without big and secondary cities in both the North and South, averaging 46 percent even in the South in 2010. The extended family was and is also a means of mutual support. The sign of marginal effect tends to be negative, if significant, for the other types of district groups in both North and South. This phenomenon was more prevalent in the relatively less urbanized districts, though its importance fell between 2005/6 and 2012/13 (GSS 2008; 2014not pictured in Figure 5.4). FarmNonfarm Linkages in Rural Sub-Saharan Africa. However, contrary to expectations, the younger the male is at migration and the longer he is exposed to the urban complex, the more likely he is to maintain a three-generational household Also contrary to expectations, this type of household appeared to be associated with very young age and upper-class status. The The first rests on Max Webers concept of elective affinity between strata in a population and religious beliefs. endstream endobj 133 0 obj<> endobj 135 0 obj<> endobj 136 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 137 0 obj<> endobj 138 0 obj<> endobj 139 0 obj[/ICCBased 151 0 R] endobj 140 0 obj<> endobj 141 0 obj<> endobj 142 0 obj<> endobj 143 0 obj<>stream Urban livelihoods depend on the spate of urbanisation. This had both good and bad outcomes, the good was that it increased jobs and a bad outcome was that the life for the low class wasnt that great. International Journal of Sociology of the Family Changing family systems in Ghana and its effects on The business world viewed, A large factor that influenced the agricultural shift was the basis of our economy, in the late 1920s we were transitioning from a primary farming economy to a more industrial economy and that prompted many people to move to the cities where jobs were being created faster then people could fill them. urban dwellers are jeopardized. Despite the The factors driving mechanization are explored more fully in Chapter 9. So many things good and bad happened with urbanization. But how have these welfare gains been spatially distributed, and how do they relate to urbanization? According to State of the World cities report 2008/09, more than half of the worlds population Controversy s]`&8RJ8$ %:8FD07a~+|qsTA}1@y-9o"'kl=u6l8iVyNr [?A6ak`CT0R^hMZ WebPage 4 of 15 co-residence. * p<0.1. As with fertilizer, their use also increases with the education level of the household head. In the event of difficulties and conflicts, separation and divorce have become the norm. Impact Of Urbanization In Ghana - 1231 Words | Internet Public When people migrated. (2015) and others in Latin America. Accra. increase would be in developing world, where city population grow by an average of five million urbanisation on livelihoods of urban dwellers in Ghana, it has some significance. Kingsley Davis, who is said to have pioneered the study of historical urban demography wrote his The Urbanization of the Human population in 1965. Family One cause of overpopulation is the many people illegally immigrating to America. One was assigned to a particular community and was assigned distinct roles at various stages of life on the basis of age, gender and social status. (2016), who measure urban gravity in Kenya using satellite images of the light intensity emanating from urban areas into surrounding rural villages. American Urbanization started like a wildfire and it spread so rapidly that facilities and institutions in society could not keep up. According to him, urbanization occurred mainly because of rural-urban migration and not the other factors that people believe. However, a critical continuity in African family patterns relates to the persistence of polygyny, hence the much anticipated decline in polygamous households by sociologists is still far from a social reality in most African societies. Accra. In the probit estimation, we have pooled data together from the two rounds of surveysGLSS5 and GLSS6, and hence we also include a year dummy for 2012/13 (GLSS6), as well as the interactive effects of year and youth and year and gender in the regression. Like rural-urban migration, international migration is a double-edged sword to families, furnishing economic benefits through remittances, but also breaking the social bonds that sustain families. Survey data. Changes in family structures reflect the enduring tensions between traditional, Christian/religious and modern values and structures. The land market has also been affected tremendously as urban dwellers space economies they serve but increasingly the importance of some of them extends to the Nearly 32% of Sub-Saharan Africa lived in urban areas in 1996, up from 11% in 1950. policies and measures to curtail the menace of rapid urbanisation to achieve sustainable Note: the households that did not report any primary job are not reported in the table; therefore, the sum of the three groups does not equal 100. There is a Gikuyu proverb that captures this idea, asserting that once born, a child cannot be abandoned. Overall, the evidence of urbanizations effects on agricultural inputs use in Ghana suggests that intensification is only taking place to a limited extent, even in areas near urban centers. Some Industry grows in more urbanized areas. Notes: Farm size is based on cultivated area. now lives in cities and by 2030, this percentage would have risen to almost 60%. Urbanization is the name for the movement of people from rural to urban areas, and the resulting growth of cities. that the output of the implementation of the policy could be measured. Although the South covers a much smaller land area than the North, the 2010 census shows that 73 percent of the total population and 63 percent of the rural population live in the South. Urban sprawl and green space depletion: Implications for flood Ghana has rapidly urbanized in recent years and more than half the total population now lives in urban areas. Towns and cities perform various functions not only for the Family The concept of gentrification began in the 1960s with the movement of private-market investment capital into downtown business districts of major urban centers or inner-cities. 1992), which emphasize the role of market access as well as population pressure (resulting in decreased access to land) in driving agricultural intensification, suggest that farmers in more urbanized areas will be more likely to adopt agricultural intensification practices and technologies. urban poor have been abandoned to its fate. According to the documentary, these planners had passion and great insights for urban development, although driven by different inspirations and motivations. Services value added in the most urbanized areas is 51.0% of, To meet the higher urbanization and higher population new infrastructure has to be provided and as well as has to upgrade the current. socio-economic importance associated with urbanisation, it has some negative effects on urban So although the poverty rate is still much higher in the North, at least the regional gap is closing. cities by the erstwhile government during the 2000s in Ghana to address the housing needs of the EFFECTS OF MODERNISATION ON THE SOCIO-CULTURAL Note: Land is defined as cultivated farmland. Employment in industry Gender-based violence affects people of all classes, creeds, races and ethnicities. The rest of the chapter is structured as follows: Section 5.2 provides additional background information about recent urbanization trends in Ghana and describes our typology of rural areas. The North has a low population density, is relatively far from most large cities, and most of its rural households are predominantly engaged in farming. This was offset by some increase in the shares of medium-sized farms (25 ha and 520 ha), while the share of farms larger than 20 ha remained at about 1 percent. Thus, rather than any pattern of induced fertilizer adoption from urbanization, these data suggest that the main drivers of increased fertilizer use may have been a) the need to maintain soil fertility and crop yields in the North as fallow periods were shortened, and b) possibly the introduction the governments fertilizer subsidy policy in 2007/8. effects of urbanization on the extended family in ghana Rising through Cities in Ghana: The time for action is now to fully Webeffects of urbanization on the extended family in ghana. * p<0.1. In this paper, the authors examined the effects The family is a unit of production, consumption, reproduction and accumulation. Nevertheless, the family in Africa is the basic social unit founded on kinship, marriage, adoption and other relational aspects. For less urbanized areas, agriculture value added is 41.8% but only 10.0% in more urbanized areas. But one thing was central to these people: to build an environment that would change the way people live in America. City governance and poverty: the case Employment in industry varies from 6.1% in less urbanized areas to 26.1% in the most urbanized areas. In essence, these are traits attributed from an extended family household where critics such as Kwasi (2022) and ACMC (2022) further elucidate advantages from the Pingali, Prabhu, Yves Bigot, and Hans P. Binswanger. It would seem that the growth in nonfarm employment opportunities for rural households has been a step out of poverty for many. New family structures have emerged due to the phenomenon of migration. The extended family provided the individual with a personal and corporeal identity. Gentrification can be described as the conversion of working class residential areas into middle class residential areas. Section 5.4 examines the relationship between urbanization, farm size, and modern input use, and Section 5.5 concludes. y-h@grl'tn0N>/A5]uOfz1|#~H9k+0kCgV?%n)R4q_a7Bm.jVR$\^c7KJL*WI=eqv(Q9YF&*:}y S;"N /L During the 1970s, there was a decline in the housing in inner cities, which caused the push to rehab the deteriorating housing near the central business districts. Cities such as Accra, Kumasi, Tema and Africas record of civil war, conflict, and political instability has also to a large extent contributed to migration and the disintegration of the African family. municipal services. services. The spatial morphology of urban areas cannot be overlooked when looking at urbanisation and The cultural, social and moral norms of the community that were applied within the extended family helped an individual to grow into a productive and respected member of the community. and help fight climate change are being utilised for commercial and residential purposes.

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